For millennia, indigenous peoples and local communities have managed natural plant species for food, medicine, cosmetics and many other uses. In 2010, because many of these species are endangered, the international community adopted the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing. The Protocol called upon each nation to establish clear rules and procedures that bring legal certainty and security to both users and providers of genetic resources. These four factsheets unveil the remarkable genetic diversity of four countries in the Europe and Central Asia region: Albania, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan.